Chetty, CA and Bhardwaj, H and Kumar, GP and Devanand, T and Sekhar, CSA and Aktürk, T and Kiyi, I and Yener, G and Güntekin, B and Joseph, J and Adaikkan, C (2024) EEG biomarkers in Alzheimer�s and prodromal Alzheimer�s: a comprehensive analysis of spectral and connectivity features. In: Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, 16 (1).
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Abstract
Background: Biomarkers of Alzheimer�s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, or prodromal AD) are highly significant for early diagnosis, clinical trials and treatment outcome evaluations. Electroencephalography (EEG), being noninvasive and easily accessible, has recently been the center of focus. However, a comprehensive understanding of EEG in dementia is still needed. A primary objective of this study is to investigate which of the many EEG characteristics could effectively differentiate between individuals with AD or prodromal AD and healthy individuals. Methods: We collected resting state EEG data from individuals with AD, prodromal AD, and normal cognition. Two distinct preprocessing pipelines were employed to study the reliability of the extracted measures across different datasets. We extracted 41 different EEG features. We have also developed a stand-alone software application package, Feature Analyzer, as a comprehensive toolbox for EEG analysis. This tool allows users to extract 41 EEG features spanning various domains, including complexity measures, wavelet features, spectral power ratios, and entropy measures. We performed statistical tests to investigate the differences in AD or prodromal AD from age-matched cognitively normal individuals based on the extracted EEG features, power spectral density (PSD), and EEG functional connectivity. Results: Spectral power ratio measures such as theta/alpha and theta/beta power ratios showed significant differences between cognitively normal and AD individuals. Theta power was higher in AD, suggesting a slowing of oscillations in AD; however, the functional connectivity of the theta band was decreased in AD individuals. In contrast, we observed increased gamma/alpha power ratio, gamma power, and gamma functional connectivity in prodromal AD. Entropy and complexity measures after correcting for multiple electrode comparisons did not show differences in AD or prodromal AD groups. We thus catalogued AD and prodromal AD-specific EEG features. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that the changes in power and connectivity in certain frequency bands of EEG differ in prodromal AD and AD. The spectral power, power ratios, and the functional connectivity of theta and gamma could be biomarkers for diagnosis of AD and prodromal AD, measure the treatment outcome, and possibly a target for brain stimulation. © The Author(s) 2024.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
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| Publication: | Alzheimer's Research and Therapy |
| Publisher: | BioMed Central Ltd |
| Additional Information: | The copyright for this article belongs to authors. |
| Keywords: | age distribution; aged; alpha rhythm; Alzheimer disease; Article; beta rhythm; brain depth stimulation; cognition; cohort analysis; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; electroencephalography; entropy; female; functional connectivity; gamma rhythm; human; major clinical study; male; power spectrum; prodromal Alzheimer disease; theta rhythm; treatment outcome; wavelet analysis; Alzheimer disease; brain; cognitive defect; diagnosis; middle aged; pathophysiology; procedures; prodromal symptom; very elderly, biological marker, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Biomarkers; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prodromal Symptoms |
| Department/Centre: | Autonomous Societies / Centres > Centre for Brain Research |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Nov 2024 01:13 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Nov 2024 01:13 |
| URI: | http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/id/eprint/86820 |
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