Mixed-Dimensional 2D-3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development, and Applications

Pawar, V and Sharma, B and Avasthi, S (2024) Mixed-Dimensional 2D-3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development, and Applications. [Book Chapter]

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Abstract

Photovoltaics has emerged as the most promising renewable energy source to displace fossil fuels. Conventional silicon-based solar cells are widely used, but their limitation in efficiency (Shockley- Queisser limit) and functionality creates opportunities for new materials. Among the alternatives, 3D perovskites (ABX3) the most promising. Constant efforts and improvements enabled a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25, comparable to silicon. However, there are many critical barriers to commercialization, for example, stability. Typical lead-halide perovskites (3D) are unstable. They degrade with light, heat, and moisture, so the state-of-the-art T80 is still only around 5000 hours. Reduced-dimensional 2D-3D halide perovskite semiconductors are inherently more stable. However, the bandgap of 2D-3D halide perovskite is higher than 3D perovskite, so efficiencies were initially lower. Various innovations have since been made to enhance the photovoltaic performance, e.g., additives, replacement of A-site cations, mixed-halide compositions, novel transport layers, and passivating interlayers. The combination of these advances has enabled 2D-3D perovskite solar cells that are not just stable but also efficient. The fabrication process of 2D-3D perovskite is still very simple and compatible with substrates like glass, plastic, and steel. The 2D-3D perovskite PV will lead to new types of solar panels, like flexible solar cells, indoor solar cells, and self-powered smart tags. Due to unique features like tunable bandgap, 2D-3D perovskite cells can be engineered to be selectively semitransparent. Semitransparent solar cells harvest a part of the solar spectrum for energy but transmit the rest. Such cells can be exploited for dual-use opportunities like agrivoltaics and building-integrated PV, where solar cells do not just produce energy but also have a second functionality. In this chapter, we introduce 3D perovskites, their advantages, and limitations. This motivates the need for 2D and 2D-3D perovskites. We shall discuss the trend of photophysical properties as we move from pure 3D perovskites to mixed 2D-3D and then pure 2D perovskites. This trend has been studied and explored with insights into how the device performance changes while using them as an absorber layer. Further, we will discuss the various techniques used to enhance the performance of 2D-3D perovskite solar cells. At the end of this chapter, we talk about the dual-purpose semitransparent perovskite solar cells and their usefulness in architecture and agriculture. © 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

Item Type:	Book Chapter
Publication:	Smart Materials for Science and Engineering
Publisher:	Scrivener Publishing LLC
Additional Information:	The copyright for this article belongs to Scrivener Publishing LLC.
Department/Centre:	Division of Interdisciplinary Sciences > Centre for Nano Science and Engineering
Date Deposited:	21 Aug 2024 12:44
Last Modified:	21 Aug 2024 12:44
URI:	http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/id/eprint/85481

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