Prabhakaran, T and Murugavel, P and Konwar, M and Malap, N and Gayatri, K and Dixit, S and Samanta, S and Chowdhuri, S and Bera, S and Varghese, M and Rao, J and Sandeep, J and Safai, PD and Sahai, AK and Axisa, D and Karipot, A and Baumgardner, D and Werden, B and Fortner, Ed and Hibert, K and Nair, S and Bankar, S and Gurnule, D and Todekar, K and Jose, J and Jayachandran, V and Soyam, PS and Gupta, A and Choudhary, H and Aravindhavel, . and Kantipudi, SB and Pradeepkumar, P and Krishnan, R and Nandakumar, K and DeCarlo, PF and Worsnop, D and Bhat, GS and Rajeevan, M and Nanjundiah, R (2023) CAIPEEX Indian Cloud Seeding Scientific Experiment. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 104 (11). E2095-E2120.
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Abstract
The demand for effective methods to augment precipitation over arid regions of India has been increasing over the past several decades as the changing climate brings warmer average temperatures. In the fourth phase of the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX IV), a scientific investigation was conducted over a rain-shadow region of the Western Ghats mountains in India. The primary objective was to investigate the efficacy of hygroscopic seeding in convective clouds and to develop a cloud seeding protocol. CAIPEEX IV followed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommendations in a peer-reviewed report with physical, statistical, and numerical investigations. The initial results of the campaign in the monsoon period of 2018 and 2019 with two instrumented aircraft, a ground-based dual-polarization C-band radar, a network of rain gauges, radiosondes, and surface aerosol measurements are reported here. The hygroscopic seeding material was detected in cloud droplets and key cloud microphysical processes in the seeding hypothesis were tracked. The formidable challenges of assessing seeding impacts in convective clouds and the results from 150 seed and 122 no-seed samples of randomized experiments are illustrated. Over 5,000 cloud passes from the airborne campaign provided details about the convective cloud properties as the key indicators for a seeding strategy and the evaluation protocol. The experimental results suggest that cloud seeding can be approached scientifically to reduce uncertainty. The results from this study should interest the scientific community and policymakers concerned with climate change�s impact on precipitation and how to mitigate rainfall deficiencies. © 2023 American Meteorological Society.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
|---|---|
| Publication: | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
| Publisher: | American Meteorological Society |
| Additional Information: | The copyright for this article belongs to authors. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Clouds; Drops; Rain; Rain gages, Changing climate; Cloud droplets; Convective clouds; Cumulus cloud; Drop size distribution; Precipitation enhancement; Rain shadow; Scientific experiments; Scientific investigation; Shadow regions, Aerosols |
| Department/Centre: | Division of Mechanical Sciences > Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences |
| Date Deposited: | 06 Dec 2024 18:22 |
| Last Modified: | 06 Dec 2024 18:22 |
| URI: | http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/id/eprint/85377 |
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