Generality of Evaporative Crystal Liftoff on Heated Hydrophobic Substrates

Agrawal, P and Kumar, V and McBride, S and Dash, S (2023) Generality of Evaporative Crystal Liftoff on Heated Hydrophobic Substrates. In: Langmuir, 39 (22). pp. 7578-7589.

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Abstract

Scaling or mineral fouling occurs due to the presence of dissolved minerals in water. Scaling is problematic in numerous industrial and household plumbing applications where water is used. The current methods of scale removal often utilize harsh chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. The evaporation of a saline droplet provides a platform to study the role of the substrate in the dynamics of crystallization during scaling. In the present work, we show out-of-plane growth of crystal deposits during the evaporation of saline droplets of aqueous potassium chloride on a heated smooth and microtextured hydrophobic substrate. These out-of-plane deposits, termed as "crystal legs", are in minimal contact with the substrate and can be easily removed from the substrate. The out-of-plane evaporative crystallization of saline droplets of different initial volumes and concentrations is observed irrespective of the chemistry of the hydrophobic coating and the crystal habits investigated. We attribute this general behavior of crystal legs to the growth and stacking of smaller crystals (size ∼10 μm) between the primary crystals toward the end of evaporation. We show that the rate at which the crystal legs grow increases with an increase in the substrate temperature. A mass conservation model is applied to predict the leg growth rate, which agrees well with the experiments.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Publication:	Langmuir
Publisher:	American Chemical Society
Additional Information:	The copyright for this article belongs to the American Chemical Society.
Keywords:	Deposits; Drops; Hydrophobicity; Potash; Potassium chloride; Substrates, 'current; Aqueous potassium chloride; Crystal habits; Evaporative crystallization; Hydrophobic coatings; Hydrophobic substrate; Out-of-plane; Plumbing applications; Saline droplets; Scalings, Evaporation
Department/Centre:	Division of Interdisciplinary Sciences > Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research Division of Mechanical Sciences > Mechanical Engineering
Date Deposited:	18 Jul 2023 10:59
Last Modified:	18 Jul 2023 10:59
URI:	https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/id/eprint/82468

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