Composite Model(s) for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in the Solid State: II

Meulenberg, A and Sinha, KP (2022) Composite Model(s) for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions in the Solid State: II. In: Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, 9 - 11 June 2021, Virtual, Online, pp. 336-352.

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Abstract

Three partial models for Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion (LENR) of hydrogen, H, or deuterium, D, are brought together in the context of 30 years of searching for the answer to the source of nuclear fusion without the requisite kinetic energy to overcome a nuclear Coulomb barrier. The earliest of these D+D cold fusion (CF) models is Julian Schwinger's proposal (1990) to combine, in a single Hamiltonian, the attractive nuclear potential with the repulsive Coulomb potential to reach an excited state of 4He. The second was a pair of papers by Maly and Vavra (M&V) that, a few years later, provided a relativistic quantum mechanical model basis for deep electron orbits. A third was K.P. Sinha's 1999 model to use a natural electron pairing in a lattice to form charge-polarized D+ D− pairs in a linear defect that is attractive rather than repulsive. Critical in Schwinger's model is the ability to dissipate nuclear energy before the actual fusion of the nuclei takes place. Critical to M&V's model is a deep-electron orbit predicted by relativistic quantum mechanics that, if occupied in deuterium, assured nuclear fusion. Critical in Sinha's model is the ability to free the hydrogen sub-lattice spacing in a linear defect from the encompassing crystal's lattice spacing. This present paper includes a connection with the more recently developed model (post-2015) of the deep-electron orbits and even more recent information (2019 and 2020) on new PdD phases and on models of properties of the hydrogen “chain”. The importance and connection of each model's contributions with recent information are highlighted. We are not proposing a specific model supported with detailed calculations. We are suggesting that (aspects of) prior models can be combined to form a unified (composite) model that would be more convincing to the other members of the Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS) community (and others) than they would be individually.

Item Type:	Conference Paper
Publication:	Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
Publisher:	International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ISCMNS)
Additional Information:	The copyright for this article belongs to International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear
Keywords:	Defects; Deuterium; Electric fields; Excited states; Kinetic energy; Kinetics; Nuclear reactions; Quantum theory; Solid state reactions, Deep-orbit electron; Early cold-fusion model; Electron orbits; Fusion model; Lattice motion; Linear defect; Nuclear fusion; Nuclear potentials; Sub-lattice motion; Sub-lattices, Electrons
Department/Centre:	Division of Physical & Mathematical Sciences > Physics
Date Deposited:	01 Feb 2023 05:14
Last Modified:	19 May 2023 10:24
URI:	https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/id/eprint/79642

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